A guide to soft deletes in Laravel

There may be times in your web applications that you want to allow users to delete data without permanently removing it from the database. For example, you may want to allow an admin to delete another user's account but still keep the user's data in the database in case the admin made a mistake. This would then allow the admin to restore the deleted account if needed. This is where soft deletes are useful.

In this article, we'll cover what soft deletes are, the advantages and disadvantages of using them, and how to use them in your Laravel application. We'll explore how to prepare your model and database for soft deletes, how to soft delete and restore models, how to delete models permanently, and how to query soft-deletable models. We'll then take a look at how to test soft-deletable models and a common pitfall to avoid when using soft deletes with the DB facade.

By the end of the article, you should have a good understanding of what soft deletes are and how to start using them in your own Laravel applications.

What are soft deletes?

In their simplest form, soft deletes are a way of deleting data in an application without removing it from the database. Instead, a flag is set on the row in the database to indicate that it has been deleted. In Laravel, the flag is a timestamp column called deleted_at.

When a query is made to retrieve data from the database, we can determine whether the data has been "deleted" by checking the value of the deleted_at column. If the value is null, then the data has not been deleted. If the value is not null and is set to a timestamp, then the data has been deleted.

Here are some situations where you may want to use soft deletes:

• Allowing a user to delete their account, but still keep their data in the database in case they change their mind and want to restore their account.
• Using it for analytical purposes, such as keeping track of usage statistics even after a related model has been removed by a user.

An easy way of thinking about soft deletes is that it's like a "recycle bin" for your application. When you're using your computer, you can delete files, and they're sent to your "recycle bin". Thus, they're "deleted" in the sense that they can't be accessed from their original location, but they're still there. You can then choose to permanently delete them from your "recycle bin" or restore them to their original location.

However, it's important to note that if an application uses soft deletes, it doesn't mean the application also has to support restoring the data or permanently deleting it. The soft deletes be added for the developer's own purposes, rather than making it a feature of the application that users know about.

The advantages of using soft deletes

Using soft deletes in your Laravel application has a number of advantages. Let's take a look at some of them.

Data recovery and restoration

As we've already briefly mentioned, having the functionality to restore data that has been "deleted" is a huge advantage of using soft deletes.

As humans, we all make mistakes. Therefore, it's inevitable that at some point, a user will accidentally delete data. If the data was permanently deleted, it would likely be extremely difficult to recover. However, if the data was soft-deleted, it could potentially be restored, assuming the application had a "restore" feature.

Data auditing

Depending on the type of application you're building and the data you're storing, you may want to keep track of data even after it's been deleted. You might do this for analytical purposes, such as keeping track of usage statistics. Alternatively, you might need to do this for legal or regulatory compliance reasons, by keeping track of data even when it's no longer needed by a user. For example, imagine you have an e-commerce website with an admin panel for the store owner to manage products and sales. If customers request the deletion of their accounts, you may need to keep track of some of their data (such as their orders) for tax purposes, but delete the rest of their data.

Two-step deletion

You may want your application to have a two-step deletion process for some types of data. For example, you have an application that has multiple roles: "admin", "manager", and "user".

You may want to allow managers to delete a user. A manager deleting a user would effectively delete the user from the application, but their data would still be kept in the database. It would then be up to an admin user to approve the permanent deletion of the user from the database or restore them. This sort of approach can be useful when you need to be absolutely certain that a user's data should be deleted and makes use of multiple users to verify the deletion.

The disadvantages of using soft deletes

Although there are many advantages to using soft deletes, there are also some disadvantages. Let's take a look at some of them.

Increased database storage

As we've already covered, soft-deleted rows aren't removed from the database. Instead, they're marked as deleted by using a specific column in the table. This means that the data is still stored in the database.

As a result, the amount of data you're storing in the database will likely increase much quicker than if you were permanently deleting the data. Although this may not be an issue for smaller applications, it could become an issue for larger applications that have a lot of data and may increase the database infrastructure costs.

Increased chance of accidentally querying "deleted" data

Later in this article, we'll cover a common "gotcha" that I've seen many developers encounter. This is when a developer attempts to query a table in the database that has soft deletes enabled but forgets to include a check for the soft-delete flag field. This can result in the developer accidentally including "deleted" data in their queries, which can cause unexpected results.

Therefore, although soft deletes can be useful, they can add an extra layer of complexity (albeit a small one) to your application that you need to be aware of, especially when writing more complex database queries.

Data privacy issues

Trying to find a balance between allowing soft deletion and adhering to data privacy laws can be difficult. Let's take a look at an example. Imagine that a user based in the European Union (EU) has an account on a web application that allows users to delete their account. However, the application may also provide the ability for the user to restore their deleted account if they change their mind. This means that the application needs to keep the user's data in the database, even after they've deleted their account. However, keeping the data in the database may lead to the application breaching the rules of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), which is a data privacy law in the EU. The user may be under the impression that their data has been completely wiped from your system, but in reality, it's still there.

If you need to keep the user's data (except for any personally identifying information), you may be able to still adhere to the rules by anonymizing the data. For example, you could replace the user's name, email address, phone number, address, and so on with a series of random characters. However, this isn't always possible, especially if the user may want to restore their account afterward and continue using the application with their old, correct data.

It's important to note that this blog post does not serve as any legal advice surrounding data privacy or security. If you're unsure about anything related to data privacy or security, you should seek legal advice from a professional who is more knowledgeable in this area.

Not a replacement for an audit log

Making data soft-deletable in the database can be a quick and useful way of tracking data that has been deleted. For example, in the context of a model in a Laravel application using the default columns, we could use the following columns:

• created_at - The date and time the model was created.
• updated_at - The date and time the model was last updated.
• deleted_at - The date and time the model was soft-deleted.

Through these columns, we can form a brief timeline of the model's lifecycle. This can be useful for simple debugging purposes and for the developer to get a quick overview of the model. Depending on where it's being used, it can also be used to present useful information to the user. However, this isn't a replacement for a proper audit log.

If your application requires more in-depth data tracking, you should consider using an audit log. Although our created_at, updated_at, and deleted_at fields can tell us the times of these events, we don't have any extra context. They can't really help us answer any of these questions:

• Who created, updated, or deleted the model?
• If the model was updated, which fields were updated?
• What were the fields changed from and to?
• If the model was deleted, why was it deleted?
• Was it deleted by the user or automatically by the system?

As a result of using an audit log, we would more likely be able to answer these questions. However, this doesn't mean that you can't use soft deletes and an audit log together. Soft deletes can still be useful for all the reasons we've already covered, and an audit log can be used to provide more context around the data.

Preparing the model and database

To get started with using soft deletes in your Laravel application, you'll need to prepare your soon-to-be soft-deletable model and its database table.

Laravel provides a handy Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\SoftDeletes trait that you can add to any model that you wish to make soft-deletable. This trait adds some useful methods to the model, such as the following:

• forceDelete - This method permanently deletes the model from the database.
• forceDeleteQuietly - This method permanently deletes the model from the database without firing any model events.
• restore - This method restores the soft-deleted model in the database.
• restoreQuietly - This method restores the soft-deleted model in the database without firing any model events.
• trashed - This method returns a Boolean to indicate whether a given model has been soft-deleted.

It also registers some model events triggered when the model is being soft-deleted, force deleted, and restored.

Another huge benefit of using this trait is that it registers a global scope (using the Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\SoftDeletingScope class that's included) that automatically excludes any soft-deleted models from your queries. This class also registers some query macros that you can use to include soft-deleted models in your queries. We'll go into more depth about these query macros later in this article.

Now that we have some context about the SoftDeletes trait, let's add it to our model. For the purposes of this article, we'll imagine we are building a blogging application and have an Author model that we wish to make soft-deletable. We'll add the SoftDeletes trait to the model like so:

declare(strict_types=1);

namespace App\Models;

use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\SoftDeletes;

final class Author extends Model
{
    use SoftDeletes;

    // ...
}

Now that we've added the soft delete functionality to the model, we need to prepare the database table so that we can keep track of whether a model has been soft-deleted. As we've already mentioned, Laravel does this using a deleted_at timestamp column. Thus, let's add this column to our authors table using a migration.

We'll create a new migration by running the following Artisan command:

php artisan make:migration add_deleted_at_to_authors_table --table=authors

This command will create a new migration class with a file path, such as database/migrations/2023_07_10_111209_add_deleted_at_to_authors_table.php. Let's update the migration so that we can add the new deleted_at column. To do this, we can use a handy softDeletes method that's available on the Blueprint class provided by Laravel. Likewise, we can use the dropSoftDeletes method to remove the column.

The migration should look something like this:

declare(strict_types=1);

use Illuminate\Database\Migrations\Migration;
use Illuminate\Database\Schema\Blueprint;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Schema;

return new class extends Migration
{
    public function up()
    {
        Schema::table('authors', function (Blueprint $table) {
            $table->softDeletes();
        });
    }

    public function down()
    {
        Schema::table('authors', function (Blueprint $table) {
            $table->dropSoftDeletes();
        });
    }
};

We can now run the migration using the migrate Artisan command to add the deleted_at column to the authors table:

php artisan migrate

Soft deleting and restoring models

Your model and database should now be ready to use soft deletes. Let's take a look at how we can soft-delete and restore models.

To soft-delete a model, you can call the delete method on the model instance. Since the model is using the SoftDeletes trait, the delete method will automatically set the deleted_at column to the current date and time rather actually remove the row from the database. As an example, to soft delete an Author model (which we'll assume has an ID of 1), we can do the following:

$author = Author::find(1);

$author->delete();

The Author model will now be soft-deleted. It's worth noting that calling delete on an already soft-deleted model will update the model's deleted_at column to the current date and time. Although this may not cause any issues for your application, it's worth keeping in mind if you need to keep a record of the original time that a model soft-deleted, such as for analytical purposes.

If we wanted to restore the model (so that it's no longer soft-deleted), we can call the restore method on the model instance:

$author->restore();

If you'd like to check whether a given model is soft-deleted, you can use the trashed method on the model instance. If the model is soft-deleted, it will return true; otherwise, it will return false. Here is an example:

$author = Author::find(1);

$author->trashed(); // false

$author->delete();

$author->trashed(); // true

Deleting models permanently

If you want to permanently remove a model from the database (sometimes referred to as "hard-deleting"), you can use the forceDelete method on the model. This can be performed on both soft-deleted and non-soft-deleted models like so:

$author = Author::find(1);

$author->forceDelete();

It's important to remember that once this method has been called, the row will be permanently removed from the database and cannot be restored.

Querying soft-deletable models

As we've already briefly mentioned, the SoftDeletes trait registers a global scope that automatically excludes any soft-deleted models from your queries by default. This means that if you run queries, such as Author::find(1), Author::all(), or Author::where('name', 'John')->get(),soft-deleted models will not be returned.

In most cases, this is the desired behavior. However, there may be times when you want to include soft-deleted models in your query or only want to return soft-deleted models. Laravel registers some query macros that you can use to achieve this. Let's take a look at them.

Including soft-deleted models

There may be times when you want to retrieve all the models in the database table, regardless of whether they're soft-deleted. An example of when you might want to do this would be if you're writing a query to analyze the usage statistics of a user's account.

To include soft-deleted models in your query, you can use the withTrashed method on the query builder instance. For example, if you want to retrieve all the Author models, including the soft-deleted models, you could write the following query:

$authors = Author::withTrashed()->get();

Likewise, if you wanted to retrieve a single model that may or may not be soft-deleted, you could use the withTrashed method like so:

$author = Author::withTrashed()->find(1);

Only soft-deleted models

There may be times when you only want to fetch the soft-deleted models from the database and exclude any non-soft-deleted models. For example, you might want to do this if you're building a "recycle bin" feature for your application that allows users to restore or permanently delete soft-deleted models.

To only retrieve soft-deleted models, you can use the onlyTrashed method on the query builder instance. For example, if you wanted to retrieve only the soft-deleted models, you could write the following query:

$authors = Author::onlyTrashed()->get();

Likewise, if you wanted to retrieve a single soft-deleted model, you could use the onlyTrashed method like so:

$author = Author::onlyTrashed()->find(1);

Using the DB facade

So far, our code examples have revolved around using functionality provided by the SoftDeletes trait to query our soft-deleted models. However, there may be times when you want to write a query using the DB facade. For example, if you're building an in-depth report for your application using a more complex query, you may want to do this.

If you do choose to query a soft-deletable model using the DB facade, there's a common "gotcha" that you need to be aware of. I've seen this affect many developers, including myself, so it's worth mentioning here.

The SoftDeletes trait registers the SoftDeletingScope query scope on the soft-deletable model, which means it can be applied to the Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Builder object used when building an Eloquent query (as shown above). However, when you use the DB facade, you're not using the Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Builder object; instead, you're using an Illuminate\Database\Query\Builder object.

Thus, the SoftDeletingScope is not applied to the query, and if you write a query using the DB facade, soft-deleted models will be returned in the results. This means you'll need to make sure to manually exclude soft-deleted models from your query.

Let's take a look at a basic example of this. Imagine we have the following query using the DB facade to get all the authors:

$authors = DB::table('authors')->get();

If we ran the above code, the soft-deleted and non-soft-deleted models would all be fetched from the database. If we wanted to update the query to exclude soft-deleted models, we could do the following:

$authors = DB::table('authors')
    ->whereNull('deleted_at')
    ->get();

As you can see in the code example, we've used the whereNull method to exclude any soft-deleted models from the query.

It's important that you remember to add this when building queries. A great way of checking that you've written queries correctly is to ensure that you have a good-quality test to assert that no soft-deleted models are returned in the query. We'll cover this in more depth later in the article.

Soft-deleted models and route model binding

In Laravel, you can use "route model binding" when defining routes to automatically inject a model instance into your controller method. This makes it easy to fetch a model instance from the database and have it ready for use directly in your controller. For example, if you wanted to fetch an Author model instance from the database and have it available in your controller, you could define the following route:

Route::get('/authors/{author}', [AuthorController::class, 'show']);

In the show method of the AuthorController, we can then type-hint the Author model and have it injected into the method like so:

public function show(Author $author)
{
    // ...
}

If a user now navigated to /authors/1, the $author variable would contain the Author model instance for the author with an ID of 1. This is a really handy feature!

However, by default, route model binding ignores soft-deleted models. This means that if you were to navigate to /authors/1, but the author with an ID of 1 was soft-deleted, you would receive an HTTP 404 response.

In most cases, this is likely the desired behavior. However, there may be times when you'd like to include soft-deleted models in the binding. For example, you may want to build an admin panel that allows you to view and restore soft-deleted models. To do this, you can use the withTrashed method on the route model binding definition. For example, we could update the route definition to the following:

Route::get('/authors/{author}', [AuthorController::class, 'show'])->withTrashed();

It's important to note that this won't use only soft-deleted models in the bindings. Instead, it will include both soft-deleted and non-soft-deleted. Therefore, if you'd only like to include soft-deleted models, you'll need to add a check to your controller to ensure that the model is soft-deleted. For example, we could update the show method in the AuthorController to the following:

public function show(Author $author)
{
    // If the author is not soft-deleted, return a 404 response.
    if (!$author->trashed()) {
        abort(404);
    }

    // Continue as normal...
}

Testing soft deletes

Like any other part of your application, it's important that you remember to test your code. It can help to give you confidence that your code runs as expected and can reduce the chance of bugs being introduced when you make changes in the future.

Thanks to some helpful methods provided by Laravel, we can easily test our soft-deleted models. Let's take a look at some common tests you might want to write for your soft-deleted models and tips for writing them.

Assert whether a model is soft-deleted

A common assertion that you'll likely want to make when testing soft-deleted models is testing whether a model is soft-deleted. There are multiple ways that you can achieve this in Laravel.

First, as we've already covered, you can use the trashed method on the model to check whether the model is soft-deleted. For example, let's imagine we have a route and controller (accessible by DELETE /authors/{author} using the route name authors.destroy) that allows a user to soft-delete a model. We could write the following test to assert that the author is soft-deleted:

use App\Models\Author;
use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Test;
use Tests\TestCase;

#[Test]
public function author_can_be_soft_deleted(): void
{
    $author = Author::factory()->create();

    $this->delete(route('authors.destroy', $author))
        ->assertOk();

    $this->assertTrue($author->fresh()->trashed());
}

Alternatively, we could use the assertSoftDeleted helper method provided by Laravel. We could rewrite the above test to use this method like so:

use App\Models\Author;
use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Test;
use Tests\TestCase;

#[Test]
public function author_can_be_soft_deleted(): void
{
    $author = Author::factory()->create();

    $this->delete(route('authors.destroy', $author));
        ->assertOk();

    $this->assertSoftDeleted($author);
}

Similar to our two approaches above, if we wanted to assert that a model is not soft-deleted, we could use the assertNotSoftDeleted helper method provided by Laravel. For example, we might have a route and controller (accessible by POST /authors/{author}/restore using the route name authors.restore) that we can use to restore soft-deleted authors. If we wanted to write a test to assert that a model is not soft-deleted, we could write the following:

use App\Models\Author;
use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Test;
use Tests\TestCase;

#[Test]
public function author_can_be_restored(): void
{
    $author = Author::factory()
        ->trashed()
        ->create();

    $this->post(route('authors.restore', $author))
        ->assertOk();

    $this->assertNotSoftDeleted($author);
}

You may have noticed in the test above that we called a trashed method on the Author model's factory. This method is provided by Laravel and allows us to create soft-deleted models. This can be really useful when you want to quickly create a soft-deleted model in your tests.

If you'd like to test that a model has been permanently deleted from the database, you can use the assertModelMissing helper method provided by Laravel. For example, if we had a route and controller (accessible by DELETE /authors/{author}/force using the route name authors.force) that we could use to permanently delete a soft-deleted model, we could write the following test to assert that the model has been permanently deleted:

use App\Models\Author;
use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Test;
use Tests\TestCase;

#[Test]
public function soft_author_can_be_permanently_deleted(): void
{
    $author = Author::factory()
        ->trashed()
        ->create();

    $this->delete(route('authors.force', $author))
        ->assertOk();

    $this->assertModelMissing($author);
}

If the route only allows soft-deleted models to be permanently deleted and returns an HTTP 404 response if we attempt to permanently delete a non-soft-deleted model, we could use the assertModelExists to write the following test to assert that the model is not permanently deleted:

use App\Models\Author;
use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Test;
use Tests\TestCase;

#[Test]
public function non_soft_author_cannot_be_permanently_deleted(): void
{
    $author = Author::factory()->create();

    $this->delete(route('authors.force', $author))
        ->assertNotFound();

    $this->assertModelExists($author);
}

Assert that soft-deleted models are included or excluded from queries

You'll likely want to write tests that assert that soft-deleted models are included or excluded from your queries. These types of tests can provide peace of mind and give you confidence that you're not accidentally including soft-deleted models in your queries.

Let's take the following basic controller method as an example that returns a view containing all the authors (excluding soft-deleted authors):

class AuthorController extends Controller
{
    public function index()
    {
        return view('authors.index', [
            'authors' => Author::all(),
        ]);
    }
}

To ensure that we're not accidentally including soft-deleted authors in our query, we could write the following test:

use App\Models\Author;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection;
use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Test;
use Tests\TestCase;

#[Test]
public function authors_view_is_returned(): void
{
    // Create two non-soft-deleted authors. They should be
    // included in the results.
    $authors = Author::factory()
        ->count(2)
        ->create();

    // Create a soft-deleted author. They should not be
    // included in the results.
    Author::factory()
        ->trashed()
        ->create();

    $this->get(route('authors.index'))
        ->assertOk()
        ->assertViewIs('authors.index')
        ->assertViewHas(
            key: 'authors',
            value: fn (Collection $authors): bool =>
                $authors->pluck('id')->toArray() === [
                    $authors[0]->id,
                    $authors[1]->id,
                ]
        );
}

As we can see in the test, we're explicitly checking that the Collection being passed to the view only includes the two non-soft-deleted authors. By doing this, we can be sure that we're not accidentally including soft-deleted authors in our query.

In fact, this general approach of creating a model that doesn't satisfy one of the query constraints is quite handy when testing any type of query. You can use it across your all application's tests to ensure that your query constraints are working as expected and that you're only returning the models that you expect to return. This can be particularly useful when testing complex queries with many conditional constraints.

Conclusion

This article should have given you an insight into what soft deletes are, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of using them. You should now be able to use soft deletes in your own Laravel applications and have extra confidence in your ability to test them. You should also be aware of a common pitfall to avoid when using soft deletes and writing database queries using the DB facade.